KIP-305 — Add Connect primitive number converters

Accepted Kafka 2.0 Connect

Adds IntegerConverter, LongConverter, FloatConverter, DoubleConverter, and ShortConverter to Kafka Connect's built-in converter library, enabling numeric primitives as record keys or values without JSON or Avro overhead. Connect had String and bytes converters but no primitive numeric converters, forcing connector authors to implement their own or convert numbers to strings.

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